The measurement and valuation of clinical effects is a significant component of economic evaluation.
Decision makers are commonly interested in how a particular health intervention works in everyday practice;
therefore, the resulting outcome under this circumstance is called the effectiveness. Clinical effects usually
measure final intended effects of a proposed health technology in terms of the ultimate change in health state
brought about by the technology. The systematic review and meta-analysis of high quality RCTs is the most
favorable method to synthesize evidence because they are disciplined and transparent methods. The present
chapter focuses on how to make a valid measure of clinical effects for use in cost-effectiveness analysis and
how clinical effect is to be appropriately defined and measured.

Keywords: Clinical effects, Clinical evidence, Measure, Effectiveness